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Neoclassical economics is a set of approaches to economics focusing on the determination of prices, outputs, and income distributions in markets through supply and demand. This determination is often mediated through a hypothesized maximization of utility by income-constrained individuals and of profits by firms facing production costs and employing available information and factors of production, in accordance with rational choice theory.〔Antonietta Campus (1987), "marginal economics", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 3, p. 323.〕 Neoclassical economics dominates microeconomics, and together with Keynesian economics forms the neoclassical synthesis which dominates mainstream economics today.〔Clark, B. (1998). ''Principles of political economy: A comparative approach''. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.〕 Although neoclassical economics has gained widespread acceptance by contemporary economists, there have been many critiques of neoclassical economics, often incorporated into newer versions of neoclassical theory. ==Overview== The term was originally introduced by Thorstein Veblen in his 1900 article 'Preconceptions of Economic Science', in which he related marginalists in the tradition of Alfred Marshall et al. to those in the Austrian School.〔Colander, David; ''The Death of Neoclassical Economics''.〕〔Aspromourgos, T. (1986). On the origins of the term ‘neoclassical’. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 10(3), 265–270. ()〕 "No attempt will here be made even to pass a verdict on the relative claims of the recognized two or three main "schools" of theory, beyond the somewhat obvious finding that, for the purpose in hand, the so-called Austrian school is scarcely distinguishable from the neo-classical, unless it be in the different distribution of emphasis. The divergence between the modernized classical views, on the one hand, and the historical and Marxist schools, on the other hand, is wider, so much so, indeed, as to bar out a consideration of the postulates of the latter under the same head of inquiry with the former." – Veblen〔Veblen, T. (1900). 'The Preconceptions of Economic Science – III', ''The Quarterly Journal of Economics'', 14(2), 240–269. (Term on pg. 261).〕 It was later used by John Hicks, George Stigler, and others〔George J. Stigler (1941 ()). ''Production and Distribution Theories''. New York: Macmillan. (Preview. )〕 to include the work of Carl Menger, William Stanley Jevons, Léon Walras, John Bates Clark, and many others.〔 Today it is usually used to refer to mainstream economics, although it has also been used as an umbrella term encompassing a number of other schools of thought,〔Fonseca G. L.; (“Introduction to the Neoclassicals” ), The New School.〕 notably excluding institutional economics, various historical schools of economics, and Marxian economics, in addition to various other heterodox approaches to economics. Neoclassical economics is characterized by several assumptions common to many schools of economic thought. There is not a complete agreement on what is meant by neoclassical economics, and the result is a wide range of neoclassical approaches to various problem areas and domains—ranging from neoclassical theories of labor to neoclassical theories of demographic changes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「neoclassical economics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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